227 Bible — Penal Substitutionary Atonement vs. Christus Victor: Lament, Wrath, and Cosmic Victory

<p>A focused episode comparing the framework of penal substitutionary atonement with the Christus Victor motif. We examine how psalmic lament and divine wrath inform penal readings of atonement, and contrast that with New Testament portrayals of Christ’s triumph over cosmic powers. Episodes considers theological implications for soteriology, worship, and theodicy, and how these models shape Christian responses to suffering and justice.</p>