The Last Theory

← The Last Theory18 Dec 2025 · 13 min

Ruliad + observer = physics ... also aliens

Ruliad + observer = physics ... also aliens18 Dec 202513 min

The ruliad is every possible computation. What could you possibly say about such an enormous, all-encompassing object?

Well, that’s where we come in.

Particular observers sample the ruliad in particular ways.

Observers like us sample the ruliad in ways that give rise to physics as weknow it.

Ruliad + observer = physics.

In this excerpt from my conversation with Stephen Wolfram, he explores how physics, mathematics and biology all arise from this same enormous, all-encompassing object, the ruliad.

He gets to aliens, too, asking such provocative questions as how far from us in rulial space are the nearest aliens?

Stephen Wolfram

Stephen WolframThe Wolfram Physics ProjectWolfram InstituteWolfram Institute Community DiscordReferences

Ruliad definitionRuliad articleSecond Law of Thermodynamics articleSecond Law of Thermodynamics historyMetamathematics articleMetamathematics bookBiological evolution articleBiological evolution follow-upComputational irreducibility—

The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web Mind